podcast about Marconi

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Inventor of the Radio

== Inventor of the Radio == The inventor of the radio is widely disputed. So who gets the credit? Nikola Tesla? Guglielmo Marconi? Reginald Fessenden? Oliver Lodge? Amos Dolbear? Nathan Stubblefield? Or was it Mahlon Loomis?== == * Gugliegmo Marconi was an Italian inventor, and was (at first) credited with the invention of the radio, but he was later proven to have used 17 of Nikola Tesla's patents. In 1943, the radio patent by a vote by the United States Congress was reversed and given to Nikola Tesla. * A good side-note to add is that Nikola Tesla invented the fundamentals for the radio transmission before Marconi even thought of it. * See the related link, which makes a good case for Mr. Stubblefield, who demonstrated in 1892 a wireless telephonic device that operated electromagnetically at audio frequencies! * Nikola Tesla is now credited with having inventing modern radio; the Supreme Court overturned Marconi's patent in 1943 in favor of Tesla.

Caveat Lector: It's important to note that the U.S. Supreme Court does not always make the correct ruling. Like any other individual or groups, the Supreme Court is fallible. The infamous Dred Scott decision is one example. Their ruling about the invention and patent of the "O-ring" is another. Inventions and patents are not necessarily the same things. * The Invention of Radio Radio owes its development to two other inventions, the telegraph and the telephone; all three technologies are closely related. (Read the history found on the telegraph and telephone pages to better understand the roots of radio.)

* Few radio broadcasts travel through the air exclusively, while many are sent over telephone wires. * In the 1860s, James Clerk Maxwell, a Scottish physicist, predicted the existence of radio waves. * In 1886 Heinrich Rudolph Hertz, a German physicist, demonstrated that rapid variations of electric current could be projected into space in the form of radio waves similar to those of light and heat. * Guglielmo Marconi, an Italian inventor, proved the feasibility of radio communication. He sent and received his first radio signal in Italy in 1895. By 1899 he flashed the first wireless signal across the English Channel and two years later received the letter "S", telegraphed from England to Newfoundland. This was the first successful transatlantic radiotelegraph message in 1902. * Wireless signals proved effective in communication for rescue work when a sea disaster occurred. Effective communication was able to exist between ships and ship to shore points. A number of ocean liners installed wireless equipment. In 1899 the United States Army established wireless communications with a lightship off Fire Island, New York. Two years later the Navy adopted a wireless system. Up to then, the Navy had been using visual signaling and homing pigeons for communication. * In 1901, radiotelegraph service was instituted between five Hawaiian Islands. By 1903, a Marconi station located in Wellfleet, Massachusetts, carried an exchange or greetings between President Theodore Roosevelt and King Edward VII. In 1905 the naval battle of Port Arthur in the Russo-Japanese war was reported by wireless, and in 1906 the U.S. Weather Bureau experimented with radiotelegraphy to speed notice of weather conditions. * In 1909, Robert E. Peary, arctic explorer, radio-telegraphed: "I found the Pole". In 1910 Marconi opened regular American-European radiotelegraph service, which several months later, enabled an escaped British murderer to be apprehended on the high seas. In 1912, the first transpacific radiotelegraph service linked San Francisco with Hawaii. * Overseas radiotelegraph service developed slowly, primarily because the initial radiotelegraph set discharged electricity within the circuit and between the electrodes was unstable causing a high amount of interference. The Alexanderson high-frequency alternator and the De Forest tube resolved many of these early technical problems. The Navy made major use of radio transmitters -- especially Alexanderson alternators, the only reliable long-distance wireless transmitters - for the duration. * During World War I, governments began using radiotelegraph to be alert of events and to instruct the movement of troops and supplies. World War II demonstrated the value of radio and spurred its development and later utilization for peacetime purposes. Radiotelegraph circuits to other countries enabled persons almost anywhere in the United States to communicate with practically any place on earth. * Since 1923, pictures have been transmitted by wire, when a photograph was sent from Washington to Baltimore in a test. The first transatlantic radiophoto relay came in 1924 when the Radio Corporation of America beamed a picture of Charles Evans Hughes from London to New York. RCA inaugurated regular radiophoto service in 1926. * Two radio communication companies once had domestic networks connecting certain large cities, but these were closed in World War II. However, microwave and other developments have made it possible for domestic telegraph communication to be carried largely in part over radio circuits. In 1945 Western Union established the first microwave beam system, connecting New York and Philadelphia. This has since been extended and is being developed into a coast-to-coast system. By 1988 Western Union could transmit about 2,000 telegrams simultaneously in each direction. * The first time the human voice was transmitted by radio is debatable. Claims to that distinction range from the phrase, "Hello Rainey" spoken by Nathan B. Stubblefield to a test partner near Murray, Kentucky, in 1892, to an experimental program of talk and music by Reginald A. Fessenden, of Brant Rock, Massachusetts, in 1906, which was heard by radio-equipped ships within several hundred miles. * In 1915 speech was first transmitted across the continent from New York City to San Francisco and across the Atlantic Ocean from Naval radio station NAA at Arlington, Virginia, to the Eiffel Tower in Paris. There was some experimental military radiotelephony in World War I between ground and aircraft. * The first ship-to-shore two way radio conversation occurred in 1922, between Deal Beach, New Jersey, and the S.S. America, 400 miles at sea. However, it was not until 1929 that high seas public radiotelephone service was inaugurated. At that time telephone contact could be made only with ships within 1,500 miles of shore. Today there is the ability to telephone nearly every large ship wherever it may be on the globe. * Commercial radiotelephony linking North America with Europe was opened in 1927, and with South America three years later. In 1935 the first telephone call was made around the world, using a combination of wire and radio circuits.

* Until 1936, all American transatlantic telephone communication had to be routed through England. In that year, a direct radiotelephone circuit was opened to Paris. Telephone connection by radio and cable is now accessible with 187 foreign points. * Two years before Marconi was born, in 1872, Mahlon Loomis was granted US Patent No.129,971 for an invention "utilizing natural electricity and establishing an electrical current or circuit for telegraphic and other purposes without the aid of wires, artificial batteries, or cables to form such electrical circuit, and yet communicate from one continent of the globe to another."

About radio invention

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Guglielmo Marconi

Guglielmo Marconi (25 April 1874 – 20 July 1937) was an Italian inventor, known as the father of long distance radio transmission and for his development of Marconi's law and a radio telegraph system. Marconi is often credited as the inventor of radio, and he shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Karl Ferdinand Braun "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy".As an entrepreneur, businessman, and founder of the The Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company in Britain in 1897, Marconi succeeded in making a commercial success of radio by innovating and building on the work of previous experimenters and physicists. In 1924, he was ennobled as Marchese Marconi.

Early years

Marconi was born in Bologna on 25 April 1874, the second son of Giuseppe Marconi, an Italian landowner, and his Irish/Scots wife, Annie Jameson, daughter of Andrew Jameson of Daphne Castle in County Wexford, Ireland and granddaughter of John Jameson, founder of whiskey distillers Jameson & Sons. Marconi was educated privately in Bologna in the lab of Augusto Righi, in Florence at the Istituto Cavallero and, later, in Livorno. As a child Marconi did not do well in school.^[7] Baptized as a Catholic, he was also a member of the Anglican Church, being married into it; however, he still received a Catholic annulment.

Radio work

During his early years, Marconi had an interest in science and electricity. One of the scientific developments during this era came from Heinrich Hertz, who, beginning in 1888, demonstrated that one could produce and detect electromagnetic radiation—now generally known as radio waves, at the time more commonly called "Hertzian waves" or "aetheric waves". Hertz's death in 1894 brought published reviews of his earlier discoveries, and a renewed interest on the part of Marconi. He was permitted to briefly study the subject under Augusto Righi, a University of Bologna physicist and neighbour of Marconi who had done research on Hertz's work.

 

Later years

In 1914 Marconi was made a Senator in the Italian Senate and appointed Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order in the UK. During World War I, Italy joined the Allied side of the conflict, and Marconi was placed in charge of the Italian military's radio service. He attained the rank of lieutenant in the Italian Army and of commander in the Italian Navy. In 1929, he was made a marquess by King Victor Emmanuel III.

Marconi joined the Italian Fascist party in 1923. In 1930, Italian dictator Benito Mussolini appointed him President of the Royal Academy of Italy, which made Marconi a member of the Fascist Grand Council.

Marconi died in Rome on 20 July 1937 at age 63, following a series of heart attacks, and Italy held a state funeral for him. As a tribute, all radio stations throughout the world observed two minutes of silence on the next day. His remains are housed in the Villa Griffone at Sasso Marconi, Emilia-Romagna, which assumed that name in his honour in 1938.

 

Honours and awards

·         In 1909, Marconi shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Karl Braun for his contributions to radio communications.

·         In 1918, he was awarded the Franklin Institute's Franklin Medal.

·         In 1929, he was made a marquess by King Victor Emmanuel III., thus becoming Marchese Marconi.

·         In 1977, Marconi was inducted into the National Broadcasters Hall of Fame.

·         In 1988, the Radio Hall of Fame (Museum of Broadcast Communications, Chicago) inducted Marconi as a Pioneer (soon after the inception of its awards).

·         In 2001, Britain released a commemorative British two pound coin celebrating the 100th anniversary of Marconi's first wireless communication.

·         Marconi's early experiments in wireless telegraphy were the subject of two IEEE Milestones; one in Switzerland in 2003 and most recently in Italy in 2011.

·         In 2009, Italy issued a commemorative silver 5 EURO coin honouring the centennial of Marconi's Nobel Prize.

·         In 2009, he was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame.

·         The Dutch radio academy bestows the Marconi Awards annually for outstanding radio programmes, presenters and stations.

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The National Association of Broadcasters (US) bestows the annual NAB Marconi Radio Awards also for outstanding radio programs and stations.

Places and organizations named after Marconi

Asia

People's Republic of China

·         Marconi Road in Kowloon Tong, former home of many of Hong Kong's broadcasters, including Asia Television Limited and Television Broadcasts Limited

Europe

Ireland

·         Marconi Park, Ballycastle

·         Marconi Park, Enniscorthy

Italy

·         Guglielmo Marconi Airport (IATA: BLQ – ICAO: LIPE), of Bologna, Italy, is named after Marconi, its native son.

·         "Guglielmo Marconi" University in Rome, Italy.(Università degli Studi "Guglielmo Marconi" di Roma).

·         Via Guglielmo Marconi in virtually all Italian towns and villages

 Sweden

·         Marconigatan, Gothenburg

United Kingdom

·         Marconi Centre, Chelmsford

·         Marconi Gardens, Brentwood

·         Marconi Road, Fraserburgh, Aberdeenshire, Scotland

·         Marconi Road, Leyton, London E10

Oceania

Australia

·         Australian soccer club Marconi Stallions

United States

California

·         Marconi Conference Center and State Historic Park, Marshall, California. Site of the transoceanic Marshall Receiving Station.

·         Marconi monument at Fulton intersection, Sacramento, CA

·         Marconi Avenue in Sacramento, California.

·         Marconi memorial statue on Telegraph Hill, San Francisco

Massachusetts

·         Marconi Beach in Wellfleet, Massachusetts, part of the Cape Cod National Seashore, located near the site of his first transatlantic wireless signal from the U.S to England.

Missouri

·         Marconi Avenue, The Hill, St. Louis

New Jersey

·         Guglielmo Marconi Memorial Plaza in Somerset, NJ, located on the former site of the New Brunswick Marconi Station. President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points speech was transmitted from the site in 1918.

·         Marconi Road in Wall Township, New Jersey, located in the former Camp Evans, which was the site of the Belmar Marconi Station and is now the location of the Infoage Science/History Learning Center, dedicated to the preservation and education of information age technologies.

Ohio

·         Marconi Boulevard in Columbus, Ohio.

 

Source:

Link:

 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi